Effect of solutes on grain refinement

Grain refinement not only enhances the mechanical performance of as-cast metallic materials but also provides an effective mechanism for controlling cast defects, such as macro-segregation, porosity and coarse second phase particles. Therefore, understanding grain alloys with different solute additions is both theoretical practical importance. Although extensive research has been carried out over many decades significant progress made on subject, historical delivered desirable scientific understanding, critical questions remain open. Adopting a hybrid approach between review overview, in this paper, we firstly provide brief effect literature, then present recent advances subject holistic manner, finally offer summary factors that hindered past, key years some suggestions future directions.